All these techniques use a specific nuclease or nuclease complex to recognize and cleave DNA at specific target sites to achieve DNA knock out or replacement through DNA repair machinery. Several gene editing techniques have been developed chronologically, which include zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas 9) (CRISPR/Cas9). As modified genetic information is inherited to the offspring, gene editing is frequently employed to modify biological traits of organisms to establish new varieties or improve the economic return of agriculture and livestock production. Gene editing is a molecular technology developed to modify specific sites within the genome through gene deletions, insertions or conversions for the purpose of studying functionally unknown genes or conducting gene therapy. With legislation and the development of gene editing technology per se, it anticipatable that gene editing will have a broader utilization and make our lives happier. The three gene editing techniques have been successfully used to improve the production and quality of livestock products, animal fertility, resistance to diseases, and welfare in animal husbandry. Although some people may concern about social or ethical issues, the benefits of gene editing certainly overweigh its demerits. Compared to the two former techniques, the third-generation gene editing technique CRISPR/Cas9 has higher targeting efficiency and accuracy, less off-target effect, lower cytotoxicity and lower costs for being easier for vector design and manipulation. In this review, the working principles of these techniques were first introduced, their advantages and disadvantages were then discussed, their application in animal husbandry were elaborated, and finally human concerns about gene editing were presented. Gene editing techniques were developed chronologically, which include zinc finger nuclease, transcription activator-like effector nuclease and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas 9).
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